With the pipe notation, we can pass the output of one program to another as its initial data.

Pipe Notation (|)

A Scenario-based Question

Let’s assume there’s a file called fresh_file that holds two lines of text:

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cat fresh_file

This file has only two lines of text, so the number of lines is noticeable, but what if you encounter a text file with a lot of content? How can we quickly and efficiently get the number of lines of a text file?

Count Number of Lines of the File Contents

We can pass the output of the cat command to the wc command through the pipeline feature of the shell to treat it as the initial data of the wc command:

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cat fresh_file | wc -l

Count Number of Words of the File Contents

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cat fresh_file | wc -w

Count Number of Characters of the File Contents

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cat fresh_file | wc -c

Continuous Pipes

Bash supports multiple pipes run back-to-back:

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cat fresh_file | wc -c | wc -l

References 3.2.2 Pipelines

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